
Annotated Reference List
UNIT 4: Multilevel Approaches to Understanding Health – Beyond the Individual
AbilityPath, A. U. T. H. O. R. (2020, June 8). Solutions: The five spheres of influence. AbilityPath. Retrieved February 21, 2022, from
https://abilitypath.org/ap-resources/solutions-the-five-spheres-of-influence/
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This web page is specific to individuals with disabilities and how the spheres of influence may affect their health care priorities and trajectory.
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Ali, P. A., & Naylor, P. B. (2013). Intimate partner violence: A narrative review of the feminist, social and ecological explanations for its
causation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(6), 611–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.009
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This article provides multiple views of IPV from feminist, social learning, and the social ecological model to explain IPV. It aims to discuss and identify the strengths and limitations of the perspectives related to the causation of IPV.
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Violence Prevention. The Social-Ecological Model: A Framework for Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/about/social-ecologicalmodel.html
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This website has infographics and discussion of a specific framework for the prevention of IPV and overall violence prevention. Specific attention is paid to defining the Individual, Relationship, Community, and Societal aspects of the Social Ecological Model.
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Crawford, M. (2020). Ecological Systems Theory: Exploring the Development of the Theoretical Framework as Conceived by Bronfenbrenner.
Journal of Public Health Issues and Practices, 4(2), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.33790/jphip1100170
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This article explores the historical development of the Ecological Systems theory through the works of Bronfenbrenner, will examine the empirical evidence supporting the theory, and will discuss the implications of the theory within social work practice.
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Cunradi, C. B., Ponicki, W. R., Caetano, R., & Alter, H. J. (2021). Frequency of intimate partner violence among an urban emergency
department sample: A multilevel analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010222
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This journal article highlights the pervasive public health problem of IPV compared to other presenting issues at urban emergency departments. Within this article, the importance of how IPV prevention strategies should be implemented among ED's is emphasized, and how it is a responsibility of ED's to investigate IPV and health related disparities. It utilizes a socioecological framework to assess the relationships between individual, household and neighborhood factors toward IPV occurrence.
DeCamp, M., DeSalvo, K., & Dzeng, E. (2020). Ethics and Spheres of Influence in Addressing Social Determinants of Health. Journal of
General Internal Medicine, 35(9), 2743–2745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05973-1
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This article provides understanding of the spheres of influence and explores how clinicians, health care organizations and the broader community address the SDOH with their application.
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Golden, S. D., & Earp, J. A. L. (2012). Social Ecological Approaches to Individuals and Their Contexts. Health Education & Behavior, 39(3),
364–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198111418634
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This article identifies the ecological levels that health promotion programs target and then found more emphasis was focused on interventions on individual and interpersonal levels than institutional, community, or policy factors.
Richard, L., Gauvin, L., & Raine, K. (2011). Ecological models revisited: Their uses and evolution in health promotion over two decades.
Annual Review of Public Health, 32, 307–326. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101141
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This journal article is specific to health promotion, and how ecological models are applied to physical activity promotion, and the increase of healthy diets
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Terry, M. S. (2014). Applying the Social Ecological Model to Violence against Women with Disabilities. Journal of Women’s Health Care,
03(06). https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0420.1000193
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A discussion of how recent US policies work to increase protection for women with disabilities experiencing violence and how the social ecological model identifies implications for these policy changes. Also significantly highlights how including women with disabilities in IPV policies challenges societies view of women with disabilities.
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The sphere of influence that guides healthcare decisions. MKA Insights. (2020, June 11). Retrieved February 21, 2022, from
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This webpage speaks to the specific stakeholders associated in the guidance of healthcare decisions, and how at times, these important influences are disregarded.
Thongs, G., & Gahman, L. (n.d.). In the Caribbean, colonialism and inequality mean hurricanes hit harder. Retrieved February 20, 2022, from
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This website provides a summary and opinion on the environmental effects of natural disasters, and how they are connected to increasing health inequalities and inequities. It highlights how the fragility of the ecological system plays influences on politics and gender roles.
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White, F. (2015). Primary health care and public health: Foundations of universal health systems. Medical Principles and Practice, 24(2),103–
116. https://doi.org/10.1159/000370197
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This journal article advocates for more integrated and universally accessible health systems, built on a foundation of primary health care and public health, and highlights the importance of how public health and primary health care are the cornerstones of sustainable health systems which should be reflected in health policies and education systems.